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The history of the Cossacks spans several centuries. ==Early history== The origins of the first Cossacks are uncertain. The Academician Zabelin mentioned that peoples of the prairies and of the woods had always needed "a live frontier", and even ancient Borisphenites and Tanaites could be the predecessors of Cossacks,〔Ivan Zabelin. The history of Russian life. http://az.lib.ru/z/zabelin_i_e/text_0050.shtml〕 not only Khazars, which assimilated/included Severians, Goths, Scythians and other ancient inhabitants, as insisted by the Cossack folklore, the Constitution of Pylyp Orlik, and numerous Cossack historians. Because of the need of both the Reds and the anti-Bolshevik forces to deny any Cossack ethnicity, the traditional post-imperial historiography dates the emergence of Cossacks to the 14th-15th centuries. Non-mainstream theories, however, have lent the date 948 from imperial historiography, and ascribed an earlier Cossack existence to the tenth century, but denied Cossack links to both "the old people" (Khazars) and "the new people" (Russians and Ukrainians; the very terms "old people" and "new people" being coined by Metropolitan Ilarion.) 〔Vasili Glazkov (Wasili Glaskow), ''History of the Cossacks'', p. 3, Robert Speller & Sons, New York, ISBN 0-8315-0035-2 *Vasili Glazkov claims that the data Byzantine, Iranian and Arab historians support that. According to this view, by 1261, Cossacks lived in the area between the rivers Dniester and the Volga as described for the first time in Russian chronicles.〕 specifically mentioning 948 as the year when the inhabitants of the Steppe under the leader named ''Kasak'' or ''Kazak'' routed the Khazars from the area of modern Kuban and organized a state called ''Kazakia'' or ''Cossackia''.〔Newland, Samuel J.(1991), ''Cossacks in the German army, 1941-1945'', p. 65. Routledge, ISBN 0-7146-3351-8〕 Some historians suggest that the Cossack people were of mixed ethnic origins, descending from Turks, Tatars, Russians, Ukrainians and others who settled or passed through the vast Steppe that stretches from Asia to southern Europe.〔Samuel J Newland, ''Cossacks in the German Army, 1941-1945'', Routledge, 1991, ISBN 0-7146-3351-8〕 However some Turkologists argue that Cossacks are descendants of native Kipchak (Russian ''половцы'') people of Ukraine, who inhabited the area long before the Mongol invasion and were closely related to modern Kazakhs. These people were highly admired for their esquestrian skills by the early Russian military. Many were hired as cavalry by Russian and Ukrainian warlords, in much the same way that they hired Black Klobuks as personal guards . It is after 1400 that the Cossacks emerge as an established and identifiable group in historical accounts. Rulers of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth employed Cossacks as mobile guards against Tatar raids from the south in the territories of present-day southwestern Russia and southern Ukraine. Those early Cossacks seemed to have included a significant number of Tatar descendants judging by the records of their names. From the mid-15th century, Cossacks are mostly mentioned with Russian and Ukrainian names.〔Philip Longworth, ''The Cossacks'', Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970, ISBN 0-03-081855-9〕 In all historical records of that period, Cossack society was described as a loose federation of independent communities, often merging into larger units of a military character, entirely separate from, and mostly independent of, other nations (such as Poland, Russia or the Tatars). In the 16th century, these Cossack societies created two relatively independent territorial organisations: *Zaporizhia (Zaporozhie), on the lower bends of the river Dnieper in the Ukraine, between Russia, Poland and the Tatars of the Crimea, with the center, Zaporizhian Sich; *The Don Cossack State, on the river Don, separated from the Russian State by the rebel Nogai and Tatar tribes. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of the Cossacks」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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